Table of Contents

The upper ocean heat content in the equatorial Pacific usually serves as a primary precursor for an upcoming El Niño, while strong atmospheric perturbations such as westerly wind burst and easterly wind surge sometimes play a decisive role in determining ...

The mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) is important to global sea-level change. The AIS loses mass mainly through basal melting and subsequent calving of the Antarctic ice shelves. However, the simulated basal melting rates are very uncertain ...

Water temperature is one of the most important factors that affect the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Characteristics of sea surface temperature (SST) variability related to a Noctiluca scintillans bloom were analyzed with Himawari-8 data in ...

The current climate change episode has impacted sea ice in the 2 polar regions differently. In the Arctic, remarkable sea ice extent and thickness declines have been observed with a stunning depletion rate of old ice. No similar changes have been observed ...

Antarctic sea ice extent dropped to its lowest level in 45 years of satellite observations on 2023 February 21, the second year in a row with an area below 2 million km². This occurrence raises the question of whether the recent change in Antarctic sea ...

A wide range of evidence reveals that the tropical belt is expanding. Several mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to this expansion, some of which even contradict each other. The study of Yang et al. suggests that the poleward advancing mid-...

The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System program, which uses the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (CM), has been updated with the launch of new satellites and the availability of newly upgraded radiation data. The spatial and temporal ...

Marine protected areas are becoming an increasingly important tool in fisheries management. Particularly for species with relatively sedentary adults, the basic approach taken is to permanently close areas to fishing, which allows species to recover ...

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays a critical role in predicting the winter surface temperature over East Asia. Numerous studies have attempted to improve the seasonal forecasting skill in view of the combined effects of ENSO and oceanic–...

With the availability of petabytes of oceanographic observations and numerical model simulations, artificial intelligence (AI) tools are being increasingly leveraged in a variety of applications. In this paper, these applications are reviewed from the ...

Aquatic ecosystems are increasingly threatened by multiple human-induced stressors associated with climate and anthropogenic changes, including warming, nutrient pollution, harmful algal blooms, hypoxia, and changes in CO₂ and pH. These stressors may ...

This study investigates contributions of wind speed and sea-air humidity difference (dq) terms to the seasonal change and time scale dependence in the relationship between surface latent heat flux (LHF) and sea surface temperature (SST) using daily data. ...